The solution parameter in webpack did not help me, but @ spacek33z's comments made me realize that my component associated with the Angular component was not a jQuery element, but a regular DOM element. The reason is because Angular used its own jqLite against real jQuery.
Searching why Angular did not find real jQuery, I found a Webpack question : how to make Angular automatically detect jQuery and use it as angular.element instead of jqLite? ', which helped me understand that Angular needs window.jQuery .
So this seems like the right webpack.conf.js spell to me:
new webpack.ProvidePlugin({ 'jQuery': 'jquery', 'window.jQuery': 'jquery', 'jquery': 'jquery', 'window.jquery': 'jquery', '$' : 'jquery', 'window.$' : 'jquery' }),
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