I already installed a new copy and the problems continued. But, inspired by the comments of user714965, I tried again, but this did not solve the problem. Then I threw all the eclipse installation folders (to the trash), reinstalled a new copy, and the problem did not disappear. Then I started a new workspace and it seemed like the toolbars were back. Then they restored the previous eclipse settings, and they also had a Debug toolbar!
I somehow think that the configuration configuration files were broken. It would be nice to know where these files are stored (my initial question): are they global for each user on the machine, or are they specific workspaces? It seems to me that some settings are global, while others are project specific.
Maybe it's time to try the new Android studio :-)
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