You just need to add a space before ** :
let a_Adaptive x = x |> Array.map (fun x -> x ** 2.0) |> Array.sum |> ( ** ) -1.0
From the F # specification:
To specify other operators starting with * , spaces must be followed by an opening bracket; otherwise (* interpreted as the beginning of the comment:
let (* + *) xy = (x + y)
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