tl; dr Take a look at flatiron , especially in the CLI plugin. Also this article https://blog.nodejitsu.com/writing-cli-apps-with-flatiron and its sample section.
Answering your first question, I would say that MVP is not everything Microsoft has, even a Wikipedia article says that. It was the language developers at Microsoft who chose the paradigm of hiding widget implementation details.
When you interact with widgets as a user, a lot of things happen. And to some extent it may seem that the widget itself can be considered as a small application with its own model of business logic, with its own representation and controller. Recall, for example, a drop-down list: it has a set of methods to actually draw some rectangles on the screen, it also has methods for presenting a list of values as text, and when you click on an element, the background color changes and text occurs according to certain rules (I think business logic). The Microsoft.Net platform has much in common with the user interface. That is why it is so important to choose the paradigm that is best suited for this purpose.
Node, on the other hand, is a fully backend platform, not a web application development environment. I am not saying that you cannot or should not create a web application with it. I want to say that the role of Node code in a web application should be limited to IO. Receiving requests, sending responses, sending / receiving data to / from storage, parsing is possible. And you can create a framework for building web applications on top of Node, of course.
Trying to follow MVP when building a web application, you probably want Presenter to be as close as possible to the actual rendering of the widgets. In the case of web applications that will be a browser. Node in this case will play the role of a REST server (or any other preferred way of exchanging data can be used instead of REST here).
There is another application class that Node can be used to create. These will be CLI applications. Here you can create applications using MVP and have a presenter in Node. To find examples, I would suggest looking at the flatiron framework website, which has good support for building cli applications, and also has some examples of such applications: https://blog.nodejitsu.com/writing-cli-apps-with- flatiron .
There is also https://github.com/mscdex/node-ncurses . This may give you the option to quit your own MVP. It is good practice when your goal is to research an item.