In the "Web Workers" profile, go to "Developer Tools → Sources → Workers" and check the "Pause at Startup" box. Now, when you refresh the page, a popup will appear with an inspector for each worker.
In the inspector window, go to the "Profiles" tab and start profiling. Now you need to go back to the Sources tab and click on the Resume script icon in the right icon bar.
This approach does not work for some older versions of Chrome (Chrome 33 and below, compare Chromium Issue 180377 ) - there the inspector windows remain empty, except for the URL in the address bar. In Chrome 35, it works for me.
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