I worked on a similar problem a few years ago, although I did not deal with signed forms. The signature definitely makes it a little more complicated. However, I was able to use iText to create a PDF form with fields and send the field data only to the server. Offline, unfortunately, I do not remember exactly what / how we did it, but we can confirm that it is doable (with limitations / reservations). Example: a user had to have a plugin installed to read PDF files, and the user was forced to d / l pdf every time.
I mainly used iText to create FDF from PDF (with forms of existing form fields). The submit button in FDF actually transfers the form data to the URL of your choice (as opposed to the HTML form). When you have this data, I find that I combined the form fields (from FDF) with the server-side PDF using iText.
Once you use the server to store all the form data, the synchronization / blocking process that you use to ensure that one user updates the latest and largest form data is up to you.
Your comment in the jowierun section indicates that you want to deal with word / excel / etc docs, so I'm not quite sure I understand your needs. Your initial post discussed how to fill out PDF forms locally, but later it sounds like you're looking for a file sharing system.
Can you clarify what exactly you are trying to accomplish?
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