This link contains a complete and updated list. However, if it breaks, this answer will be lost.
Currently for VS 2015 we have:
$ (ConfigurationName)
The name of the current project configuration, for example, Debug | Any processor.
$ (OutDir)
The path to the output file directory relative to the project directory. This resolves the value for the Output Directory property. It includes a backslash "\".
$ (DevEnvDir)
Visual Studio 2005 installation directory (determined by disk and path); includes the backslash "\".
$ (PlatformName)
The name of the current target platform. For example, "AnyCPU".
$ (ProjectDir)
Project directory (determined using the disk and path); includes the backslash "\".
$ (ProjectPath)
The absolute name of the project path (defined using the drive, path, base name and file extension).
$ (ProjectName)
The base name of the project.
$ (ProjectFileName)
The name of the project file (with the base name and file extension).
$ (ProjectExt)
Project file extension. It includes '.' before file extension.
$ (SolutionDir)
Solution catalog (determined by disk and path); includes the backslash "\".
$ (SolutionPath)
The absolute name of the solution path (determined using the disk, path, base name and file extension).
$ (SolutionName)
The base name of the solution.
$ (SolutionFileName)
The name of the solution file (defined with the base name and file extension).
$ (SolutionExt)
File extension solution. It includes '.' before file extension.
$ (TargetDir)
The directory of the main output file for the assembly (determined using the disk and path). It includes a backslash "\".
$ (TargetPath)
The absolute path name for the main output file for the assembly (determined using the disk, path, database name, and file extension).
$ (Target_name)
The base name of the main output file for the assembly.
$ (TargetFileName)
The file name of the main output file for the assembly (defined as the base name and file extension).
$ (TargetExt)
The file extension of the main output file for the assembly. It includes '.' before file extension.