How to sort callback chain

Question

I have a custom state machine in Twisted. The user can define handlers for various state changes that I implement using Twisted deferred, which allows them to add callbacks. Whenever I switch from one state to another, I simply run the corresponding deferred one.

One of the requirements of the project is the ability to save this final machine to disk along with all its callbacks. I thought I could just sort the state machine and everything would be ready, but I get a PickleError when I try to serialize user-defined functions.

Does anyone know a way to serialize functions? The error is reproduced in the following code example:

import pickle
from twisted.internet.utils import defer

def foo(*args):
  def bar():
    print args
  return bar

d = defer.Deferred()
d.addCallback(foo("Hello", "world"))
pickle.dumps(d)

The following error appears on this last line:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/pickle.py", line 1366, in dumps
    Pickler(file, protocol).dump(obj)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/pickle.py", line 224, in dump
    self.save(obj)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/pickle.py", line 286, in save
    f(self, obj) # Call unbound method with explicit self
  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/pickle.py", line 725, in save_inst
    save(stuff)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/pickle.py", line 286, in save
    f(self, obj) # Call unbound method with explicit self
  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/pickle.py", line 649, in save_dict
    self._batch_setitems(obj.iteritems())
  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/pickle.py", line 663, in _batch_setitems
    save(v)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/pickle.py", line 286, in save
    f(self, obj) # Call unbound method with explicit self
  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/pickle.py", line 600, in save_list
    self._batch_appends(iter(obj))
  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/pickle.py", line 615, in _batch_appends
    save(x)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/pickle.py", line 286, in save
    f(self, obj) # Call unbound method with explicit self
  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/pickle.py", line 562, in save_tuple
    save(element)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/pickle.py", line 286, in save
    f(self, obj) # Call unbound method with explicit self
  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/pickle.py", line 562, in save_tuple
    save(element)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/pickle.py", line 286, in save
    f(self, obj) # Call unbound method with explicit self
  File "/usr/lib/python2.5/pickle.py", line 748, in save_global
    (obj, module, name))
pickle.PicklingError: Can't pickle <function bar at 0xb753fe2c>: it not found as __main__.bar

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Answer 1

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Answer 2

foo/bar :

class foo(object):
    def __init__(self, *args):
        self.args = args
    def __call__(self):
        print self.args

d = defer.Deferred()
d.addCallback(foo("Hello", "world"))
pickle.dumps(d)