All geek questions in one place

Limitations of the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm

I use the Levenberg-Marquard algorithm to minimize a non-linear function of 6 parameters. I have about 50 data points for each minimization, but I don't get accurate enough results. Could it be so significant that my parameters differ from each other by several orders of magnitude? If so, where should I look for a solution? If not, what LMA limitations have you encountered in your work (this may help find other problems with my application)? Many thanks for your help.

Edit: The problem I'm trying to solve is to determine the best T conversion:

typedef struct 
{
    double x_translation, y_translation, z_translation; 
    double x_rotation, y_rotation, z_rotation;
} transform_3D;

to match a set of three-dimensional points for a group of three-dimensional lines. In detail, I have a set of coordinates of three-dimensional points and the equations of the corresponding three-dimensional lines that should pass through these points (in an ideal situation). LMA minimizes the summation of the distances of inverted 3D points to the corresponding three-dimensional lines. The conversion function is as follows:

cv::Point3d Geometry::transformation_3D(cv::Point3d point, transform_3D transformation)
{
    cv::Point3d p_odd,p_even;

    //rotation x
    p_odd.x=point.x;
    p_odd.y=point.y*cos(transformation.x_rotation)-point.z*sin(transformation.x_rotation); 
    p_odd.z=point.y*sin(transformation.x_rotation)+point.z*cos(transformation.x_rotation);

    //rotation y
    p_even.x=p_odd.z*sin(transformation.y_rotation)+p_odd.x*cos(transformation.y_rotation);
    p_even.y=p_odd.y;
    p_even.z=p_odd.z*cos(transformation.y_rotation)-p_odd.x*sin(transformation.y_rotation);

    //rotation z
    p_odd.x=p_even.x*cos(transformation.z_rotation)-p_even.y*sin(transformation.z_rotation);
    p_odd.y=p_even.x*sin(transformation.z_rotation)+p_even.y*cos(transformation.z_rotation);
    p_odd.z=p_even.z;

    //translation
    p_even.x=p_odd.x+transformation.x_translation;
    p_even.y=p_odd.y+transformation.y_translation;
    p_even.z=p_odd.z+transformation.z_translation;

    return p_even;
}

Hope this explanation helps a bit ...

Edit2:

The following are some sample data. 3D lines are described by a center point and a direction vector. The center point for all lines (0,0,0) and the coordinate "uz" for each vector is 1. The set of 'ux' coordinates of the directional vectors:

-1.0986, -1.0986, -1.0986,
-1.0986, -1.0990, -1.0986,
-1.0986, -1.0986, -0.9995,
-0.9996, -0.9996, -0.9995,
-0.9995, -0.9995, -0.9996,
-0.9003, -0.9003, -0.9004,
-0.9003, -0.9003, -0.9003,
-0.9003, -0.9003, -0.8011,
-0.7020, -0.7019, -0.6028,
-0.5035, -0.5037, -0.4045,
-0.3052, -0.3053, -0.2062,
-0.1069, -0.1069, -0.1075,
-0.1070, -0.1070, -0.1069,
-0.1069, -0.1070, -0.0079,
-0.0079, -0.0079, -0.0078,
-0.0078, -0.0079, -0.0079,
 0.0914,  0.0914,  0.0913,
 0.0913,  0.0914,  0.0915,
 0.0914,  0.0914

The set of coordinates "uy" directional vectors:

-0.2032,  -0.0047,    0.1936,
0.3919,    0.5901,    0.7885,
0.9869,    1.1852,    -0.1040,
0.0944,    0.2927,    0.4911,
0.6894,    0.8877,    1.0860,
-0.2032,  -0.0047,    0.1936,
0.3919,    0.5902,    0.7885,
0.9869,    1.1852,    1.0860,
0.9869,    1.1852,    1.0861,
0.9865,    1.1853,    1.0860,
0.9870,    1.1852,    1.0861,
-0.2032,  -0.0047,    0.1937,
0.3919,    0.5902,    0.7885,
0.9869,    1.1852,    -0.1039,
0.0944,    0.2927,    0.4911,
0.6894,    0.8877,    1.0860,
-0.2032,  -0.0047,    0.1935,
0.3919,    0.5902,    0.7885,
0.9869,    1.1852

and the set of three-dimensional points in (x, y, z, x, y, x, y, z ....) form:

 {{0, 0, 0}, {0, 16, 0},   {0, 32, 0}, 
 {0, 48, 0}, {0, 64, 0},   {0, 80, 0},
 {0, 96, 0}, {0, 112,0},   {8, 8, 0},
 {8, 24, 0}, {8, 40, 0},   {8, 56, 0}, 
 {8, 72, 0}, {8, 88, 0},   {8, 104, 0}, 
 {16, 0, 0}, {16, 16,0},   {16, 32, 0}, 
{16, 48, 0}, {16, 64, 0},  {16, 80, 0}, 
{16, 96, 0}, {16, 112, 0}, {24, 104, 0}, 
{32, 96, 0}, {32, 112, 0}, {40, 104, 0},
{48, 96, 0}, {48, 112, 0}, {56, 104, 0},
{64, 96, 0}, {64, 112, 0}, {72, 104, 0}, 
{80, 0, 0},  {80, 16, 0},  {80, 32, 0},
{80,48, 0},  {80, 64, 0},  {80, 80, 0}, 
{80, 96, 0}, {80, 112, 0}, {88,  8, 0}, 
{88, 24, 0}, {88, 40, 0},  {88, 56, 0},
{88, 72, 0}, {88, 88, 0},  {88, 104, 0},
{96, 0, 0},  {96, 16, 0},  {96, 32, 0}, 
{96, 48,0},  {96, 64, 0},  {96, 80, 0}, 
{96, 96, 0}, {96, 112, 0}}

"" .

+3
4

, Levenberg-Marquardt , ( "" ) . , LM - -; , ; , , - ( , ), ().

, , , , ; .

+5

, 4x4, .

( ).

, , .

+1

Mathematica.

"-".

. :)

xnew[x_, y_, z_] := 
  RotationMatrix[rx, {1, 0, 0}].RotationMatrix[
     ry, {0, 1, 0}].RotationMatrix[rz, {0, 0, 1}].{x, y, z} + {tx, ty, tz};

(* Generate Sample Data*)
(* Angles 1/2,1/3,1/5 *)
(* traslation -> {1,2,3} *)
(* Minimum mean Noise 5% *)

data = Table[{{x, y, z},
  RotationMatrix[1/2, {1, 0, 0}].
  RotationMatrix[1/3, {0, 1, 0}].
  RotationMatrix[1/5, {0, 0, 1}].{x, y, z} +{1, 2, 3} +RandomReal[{-.05, .05}, 3]},
  {x, 0, 1, .1}, {y, 0, 1, .1}, {z, 0, 1, .1}];

data = Flatten[data, 2];

(* Now find the parameters*)
FindMinimum[
 Sum[SquaredEuclideanDistance[xnew[i[[1]] /. List -> Sequence], 
   i[[2]]], {i, data}]
 , {rx, ry, rz, tx, ty, tz}, Method -> "LevenbergMarquardt"]

:

{3.2423, {rx -> 0.500566, ry -> 0.334012, rz -> 0.199902, 
          tx -> 0.99985,  ty -> 1.99939,  tz -> 3.00021}}

( 1/1000 )

.
, . .

, :

:

rx = 179.99999999999999999999984968493536659553226696793
ry = 180.00000000000000000000006934755799995159952661222
rz = 180.0006286861217378980724139120849587855611645627

Traslations

tx = 48.503663696727576867196234527227830090575281353092
ty = 63.974139455057300403798198525151849767949596684232
tz = -0.99999999999999999999997957276716543927459921348549

, .

BTW, rz = Pi + 0,000011 ( )

!

+1

, ceres-solver, , . "uz = 1.0" "uz = 0.0", 2d.

. trans: -88.6384, -16.3879, 0 rot: 0, 0, -6,97813e-05

After obtaining these results, manually calculate the sum of the orthogonal distance of the converted points to the corresponding lines and get 0.0280452.

struct CostFunctor {
    CostFunctor(const double p[3],  double ux, double uy){
        p_[0] = p[0];p_[1] = p[1];p_[2] = p[2];
        n_[0] = ux; n_[1] = uy;
        n_[2] = 0.0;
        normalize(n_);
    }

    template <typename T>
    bool operator()(const T* const x, T* residual) const {
        T pDash[3];
        T pIn[3];
        T temp[3];
        pIn[0] = T(p_[0]);
        pIn[1] = T(p_[1]);
        pIn[2] = T(p_[2]);
        //transform the input point p_ to pDash
        xform(x, &pIn[0], &pDash[0]);
        //find dot(pDash, n), where n is the direction of line
        T pDashDotN = T(pDash[0]) * T(n_[0]) + T(pDash[1]) * T(n_[1]) + T(pDash[2]) * T(n_[2]);
        //projection of pDash along line
        temp[0] = pDashDotN * n_[0];temp[1] = pDashDotN * n_[1];temp[2] = pDashDotN * n_[2];
        //orthogonal vector from projection to point
        temp[0] = pDash[0] - temp[0];temp[1] = pDash[1] - temp[1];temp[2] = pDash[2] - temp[2];
        //squared error
        residual[0] = temp[0] * temp[0] + temp[1] * temp[1] + temp[2] * temp[2];
    return true;
    }
    //untransformed point
    double p_[3];

    double ux_;
    double uy_;
    //direction of line
    double n_[3];
};


template<typename T>
void  xform(const T *x, const T * inPoint, T *outPoint3) {
    T xTheta = x[3];
    T pOdd[3], pEven[3];
    pOdd[0] = inPoint[0];
    pOdd[1] = inPoint[1] * cos(xTheta) + inPoint[2] * sin(xTheta);
    pOdd[2] = -inPoint[1] * sin(xTheta) + inPoint[2] * cos(xTheta);

    T yTheta = x[4];
    pEven[0] = pOdd[0] * cos(yTheta) + pOdd[2] * sin(yTheta);
    pEven[1] = pOdd[1];
    pEven[2] = -pOdd[0] * sin(yTheta) + pOdd[2] * cos(yTheta);


    T zTheta = x[5];

    pOdd[0] = pEven[0] * cos(zTheta) - pEven[1] * sin(zTheta);
    pOdd[1] = pEven[0] * sin(zTheta) + pEven[1] * cos(zTheta);
    pOdd[2] = pEven[2];

    T xTrans = x[0], yTrans = x[1], zTrans = x[2];
    pOdd[0] += xTrans;
    pOdd[1] += yTrans;
    pOdd[2] += zTrans;

    outPoint3[0] = pOdd[0];
    outPoint3[1] = pOdd[1];
    outPoint3[2] = pOdd[2];
}
0
source

Source: https://habr.com/ru/post/1780173/

More articles:


All Articles