, :
A ?? B -> R
---------------------
a ?? any -> a; where a is not-null
null ?? b -> b; for any b
null ?? null -> null; implied from previous
?? - (!) , x ?? y ?? z → x ?? (y ?? z). && ||, ?? .
... ?? ( #):
(??) , NULL; .
... # 3.0:
a b , NULL . a , a? b - a; b. b , a null.
user166390