After some research, I found that this is stored as an XML string in a field under the name __Trackingfor each element. Access to it is possible, like any other data field, using the collection Fields. For instance:
Item itemToCheck = Sitecore.Context.Database.GetItem("/path to item/");
string trackingXml = itemToCheck.Fields["__Tracking"].ToString();
The XML in the string is structured as follows:
<tracking>
<profile name="profile1">
<key name="key1" value="1" />
<key name="key2" value="10" />
</profile>
<profile name="profile2">
<key name="key3" value="12" />
<key name="key4" value="4" />
</profile>
</tracking>
XmlDocument SelectNodes, ,