SQL: How do I quote the results of a SELECT statement?

Question

How do I quote the results of a SELECT statement in SQL? The SELECT statement will return only 1 column, but n results.

I created the fictional script below complete with a pseudo-code of what I'm trying to do.

Scenario:

Students register for their classes. They present a form with several course choices (i.e., immediately choose 3 different courses). When they submit their registration, I need to make sure that there is still room in the selected courses (note that I will do a similar check before presenting them using the course selection interface, but I need to check later if someone else has logged in and checked the remaining spots).

Pseudocode:

DECLARE @StudentId = 1
DECLARE @Capacity = 20

-- Classes will be the result of a Select statement which returns a list of ints
@Classes = SELECT classId FROM Student.CourseSelections
WHERE Student.CourseSelections = @StudentId

BEGIN TRANSACTION
DECLARE @ClassId int
foreach (@classId in @Classes)
{
   SET @SeatsTaken = fnSeatsTaken @classId

   if (@SeatsTaken > @Capacity)
   {
       ROLLBACK;  -- I'll revert all their selections up to this point
       RETURN -1;
   }
   else
   {
       -- set some flag so that this student is confirmed for the class
   }
}

COMMIT
RETURN 0

- " ". , , - .

EDIT:

. . "".

DECLARE @Students TABLE
(
 StudentId int
,StudentName nvarchar(max)
)

INSERT INTO @Students
 (StudentId ,StudentName)
VALUES
 (1, 'John Smith')
 ,(2, 'Jane Doe')
 ,(3, 'Jack Johnson')
 ,(4, 'Billy Preston')

-- Courses
DECLARE @Courses TABLE
(
 CourseId int
,Capacity int
,CourseName nvarchar(max)
)

INSERT INTO @Courses
 (CourseId, Capacity, CourseName)
VALUES
 (1, 2, 'English Literature'),
 (2, 10, 'Physical Education'),
 (3, 2, 'Photography')


-- Linking Table
DECLARE @Courses_Students TABLE
(
 Course_Student_Id int
,CourseId int
,StudentId int
)

INSERT INTO @Courses_Students
 (Course_Student_Id, StudentId, CourseId)
VALUES
 (1, 1, 1),
 (2, 1, 3),
 (3, 2, 1),
 (4, 2, 2),
 (5, 3, 2),
 (6, 4, 1),
 (7, 4, 2)

SELECT Students.StudentName, Courses.CourseName FROM @Students Students INNER JOIN
@Courses_Students Courses_Students ON Courses_Students.StudentId = Students.StudentId INNER JOIN
@Courses Courses ON Courses.CourseId = Courses_Students.CourseId

DECLARE @StudentId int = 4

-- Ideally the Capacity would be database driven
-- ie. come from the Courses.Capcity.
-- But I didn't want to complicate the HAVING statement since it doesn't seem to work already.
DECLARE @Capacity int = 1 

IF EXISTS (Select *
 FROM
  @Courses Courses INNER JOIN
  @Courses_Students Courses_Students ON Courses_Students.CourseId = Courses.CourseId
 WHERE
  Courses_Students.StudentId = @StudentId
 GROUP BY
  Courses.CourseId
 HAVING
  COUNT(*) > @Capacity)
BEGIN
 SELECT 'full' as Status
END
ELSE BEGIN
 SELECT 'reserved' as Status
END

Answer 1

. COUNT GROUP.

, , ...

DECLARE @StudentId = 1
DECLARE @Capacity = 20

-- Classes will be the result of a Select statement which returns a list of ints
IF EXISTS (SELECT *
    FROM
        Student.CourseSelections CS
        JOIN
        ---this is where you find out course allocations somehow
        ClassTable C ON CS.classId = C.classId 
    WHERE
        Student.CourseSelections = @StudentId
    GROUP BY  --change this, it depends on where you find out course allocations
        ClassID
    HAVING
        COUNT(*) > @Capacity)
   'no'
ELSE
   'yes'

Edit:

. Course_Student_ID .

:

...
-- Linking Table
DECLARE @Courses_Students TABLE (
,CourseId int
,StudentId int)

INSERT INTO @Courses_Students
 (StudentId, CourseId)
VALUES (1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 1), (4, 2)

DECLARE @StudentId int = 4

--straight list
SELECT
     C.CourseName, C.Capacity, COUNT(*)
 FROM
  @Courses_Students CSThis
  JOIN
  @Courses C ON CSThis.CourseId = C.CourseId
  JOIN
  @Courses_Students CSOthers ON CSOthers.CourseId = C.CourseId
 WHERE
  CSThis.StudentId = @StudentId
 GROUP BY
  C.CourseName, C.Capacity

--oversubscribed list
  SELECT
     C.CourseName, C.Capacity, COUNT(*)
 FROM
  @Courses_Students CSThis
  JOIN
  @Courses C ON CSThis.CourseId = C.CourseId
  JOIN
  @Courses_Students CSOthers ON CSOthers.CourseId = C.CourseId
 WHERE
  CSThis.StudentId = @StudentId
 GROUP BY
  C.CourseName, C.Capacity
  HAVING
      COUNT(*) > C.Capacity

Answer 2

SQL, . ( , SQL), . , .

Answer 3

CHECK Constraint , . , .

/ . - / , .