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Image Stabilization / Alignment Algorithm

From what I read on the Internet, one of the most effective algorithms for image stabilization is to use bit-bit matching with gray encoding. However, it is difficult for me to understand this (the gray codes themselves are not so complicated, but everything else). Can someone point me to a resource on this subject (or another good stabilization method) that is slightly below the level of most published articles? The sample code is superior to abstract generalized equations.

For my purpose there will be no panning or scaling of the video and no moving objects in the frames.

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3 answers

You can try some simple approaches at first, I recently suggested some of them: Video stabilization with OpenCV

In your case (without panning, without scaling, static scene), phase correlation may already be sufficient, and it is quite simple (see, for example, wikipedia). If I remember correctly, there are several video stabilization filters / plugins for avisynth that use phase correlation - you can try them first.

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#define min(a, b)  (((a) < (b)) ? (a) : (b)) 
#define max(a, b)  (((a) > (b)) ? (a) : (b))

int cubic(int x,int *v)
{  
    int q1,q2,q3,q4;
    q1=( -1792 * v[0] + 5376 * v[1] - 5376 * v[2] + 1792 * v[3] ) >> 8;
    q2=( 3840 * v[0] - 9216 * v[1] + 6912 * v[2] - 1536 * v[3] ) >> 8;
    q3=( -2304 * v[0] + 2304 * v[2] ) >> 8;
    q4=(v[0] + 4096 * v[1] + v[2]) >> 8;
    return  (((((((((q1 * x) >> 8) + q2 ) * x ) >> 8)+ q3 ) * x) >> 8) + q4 ) >> 4;
}


double get_mono_cubic_row(unsigned char * redbuf,unsigned long width, unsigned long height,signed long x,signed long y,signed int offset)
{
    int m[4]={0,0,0,0};
    if(x+3<width && x>=0 && y<height && y>0)
    {

        m[0]=redbuf[x+y*width];
        m[1]=redbuf[(x+1)+y*width];
        m[2]=redbuf[(x+2)+y*width];
        m[3]=redbuf[(x+3)+y*width];

    }
    else
    {
        m[0]=255;
        m[1]=255;
        m[2]=255;
        m[3]=255;
    }

    return cubic(offset,m);


}

unsigned char get_mono_bicubic (unsigned char *redbuf, unsigned long width,unsigned long height,double x, double y)
{
    int xi=0,yi=0;
    int dx=0,dy =0;
    int  m[4]={0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0}; /* four of one mono pixel */
    xi=floor(x);
    yi=floor(y);
    dx=(x-xi) * 256;
    dy=(y-yi) * 256;
    if(yi+3<height && xi>0 && yi>0 && xi<width)
    {
        m[0]=get_mono_cubic_row(redbuf,width,height,xi-1,yi-1,dx);
        m[1]=get_mono_cubic_row(redbuf,width,height,xi-1,yi,dx);
        m[2]=get_mono_cubic_row(redbuf,width,height,xi-1,yi+1,dx);
        m[3]=get_mono_cubic_row(redbuf,width,height,xi-1,yi+2,dx);
    }
    else
    {
        m[0]=255;
        m[1]=255;
        m[2]=255;
        m[3]=255;
    }


    return clip(cubic(dy,m));

}


void mono_scale_exact(unsigned char *redbuf,unsigned long width, unsigned long height,unsigned long desired_width, unsigned long desired_height)
{
    unsigned char *tempbuf=NULL;
    double ratio_x=(desired_width * (1.0/(double)width));
    double ratio_y=(desired_height * (1.0/(double)height));
    unsigned long maxwidth=1;
    unsigned long maxheight=1;
    double u=0;
    int x=0;
    int y=0;
    double v=0;
    maxwidth=max(desired_width,width);
    maxheight=max(desired_height,height);
    tempbuf=(unsigned char*)malloc(maxwidth * maxheight * sizeof(unsigned char));
    if(tempbuf!=NULL)
    {
        /* first the red */
        for(y=0;y<desired_height;y++)
        {
            for(x=0;x<desired_width;x++)
            {
                u = x * (1.0/ratio_x);
                v = y * (1.0/ratio_y);
                tempbuf[x+y*desired_width]=get_mono_bicubic (redbuf,width,height,u,v);
            }
        }  
        for(y=0;y<desired_height;y++)
        {
            for(x=0;x<desired_width;x++)
            {
                redbuf[x+y*desired_width]=tempbuf[x+y*desired_width];
            }
        }
        free(tempbuf);  
    }

  } 



void fatal(void)
{
    exit(1);
}

#define DEBUG_STABLE 0
unsigned char digital_image_stabilization(unsigned char *redbuf, unsigned char *greenbuf, unsigned char *bluebuf,
unsigned long width, unsigned long height, unsigned short search_len,unsigned short twiddle)
{
    static unsigned char *search_scratch=NULL;
    static unsigned char *tempbuf=NULL;
    unsigned long in_x=0;
    unsigned long in_y=0;
    static signed long x_adj=0;
    static signed long y_adj=0;
    unsigned long out_x=0;
    const unsigned int mask[8]={1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128};
    unsigned long out_y=0;
    signed long mid_x=0;
    signed long mid_y=0;
    static signed long center_x=0;
    static signed long center_y=0;
    static signed long end_center_x=0;
    static signed long end_center_y=0;
    static unsigned char first=1;
    int search_x=0;
    int search_y=0;
    unsigned long peak=0;
    static int new_width=0;
    static int new_height=0;
    int tww_y=0;
    int twp_y=0;
    static unsigned long *twiddle_scratch=NULL;
    if(first==1)
    {
        center_x=(width/2)-(search_len/2);
        if(center_x<twiddle)center_x=twiddle;
        center_y=(height/2)-(search_len/2);
        if(center_y<twiddle)center_y=twiddle;
        if((search_len+center_x)>width)fatal();
        if((search_len+center_y)>height)fatal();
        end_center_y=center_y+search_len;
        end_center_x=center_x+search_len;
        new_width=width-twiddle;
        new_height=height-twiddle;
        search_scratch=(unsigned char *)malloc((search_len * search_len) * sizeof(unsigned char));
        tempbuf=(unsigned char *)malloc((width * height) * sizeof(unsigned char));
        twiddle_scratch=(unsigned long *)malloc((twiddle * twiddle) * sizeof(unsigned long));
        if(search_scratch==NULL || tempbuf==NULL || twiddle_scratch==NULL)fatal();
        first=0;
    }
    for(search_y=0;search_y<twiddle;search_y++)
    {
        for(search_x=0;search_x<twiddle;search_x++)
        {
            twiddle_scratch[search_x+search_y]=0;
        }
    }

    /* Multiply-accumulate */
    for(mid_y=0;mid_y<twiddle;mid_y++)
    {
        int twp_x=0;
        for(mid_x=0;mid_x<twiddle;mid_x++)
        {
            unsigned long acc=0;
            int tw_y=0;
            for(in_y=center_y;in_y<end_center_y;in_y++)
            {
                int tw_x=0;
                for(in_x=center_x;in_x<end_center_x;in_x++)
                {
                    unsigned long bmpptr=(in_x+mid_x)+(in_y+mid_y)*width;
                    unsigned int cur_gray=((((77 * redbuf[bmpptr])+(151 * greenbuf[bmpptr]) + (28 * bluebuf[bmpptr])) >> 8) & 255);
                    unsigned int last_gray=search_scratch[tw_x+tw_y*search_len];
                    acc+=(!((last_gray ^ cur_gray) & mask[0]));
                    acc+=(!(((last_gray ^ cur_gray) & mask[1]) >> 1));
                    acc+=(!(((last_gray ^ cur_gray) & mask[2]) >> 2));
                    acc+=(!(((last_gray ^ cur_gray) & mask[3]) >> 3));
                    acc+=(!(((last_gray ^ cur_gray) & mask[4]) >> 4));
                    acc+=(!(((last_gray ^ cur_gray) & mask[5]) >> 5));
                    acc+=(!(((last_gray ^ cur_gray) & mask[6]) >> 6));
                    acc+=(!(((last_gray ^ cur_gray) & mask[7]) >> 7));
                    tw_x++;
                }
                tw_y++;
            }
            //acc/=(search_len * search_len);
            twiddle_scratch[twp_x+twp_y*twiddle]=acc;
            twp_x++;
        }
        twp_y++;
    }

    for(search_y=0;search_y<twiddle;search_y++)
    {
        for(search_x=0;search_x<twiddle;search_x++)
        {
            if(twiddle_scratch[search_x+search_y*twiddle]>peak)
            {
                peak=twiddle_scratch[search_x+search_y*twiddle];
                x_adj=search_x;
                y_adj=search_y;
            }
        }
    }
    /* update the scratch area with the stabilized image */
    tww_y=0;
    for(in_y=center_y;in_y<end_center_y;in_y++)
    {
        int tww_x=0;
        for(in_x=center_x;in_x<end_center_x;in_x++)
        {
            unsigned long out_bmpptr=tww_x+tww_y*search_len;
            #if !DEBUG_STABLE
            signed long safe_x=(in_x+x_adj);
            signed long safe_y=(in_y+y_adj);
            #endif
            #if DEBUG_STABLE
            signed long safe_x=(in_x-x_adj);
            signed long safe_y=(in_y-y_adj);
            #endif
            unsigned long in_bmpptr=0;

            unsigned char cur_gray=0;
            if(safe_x<0)safe_x=0;
            if(safe_y<0)safe_y=0;
            in_bmpptr=safe_x+safe_y*width;
            cur_gray=((77 * redbuf[in_bmpptr])+(151 * greenbuf[in_bmpptr]) + (28 * bluebuf[in_bmpptr])) >> 8;
            search_scratch[out_bmpptr]=cur_gray;
            tww_x++;
        }
        tww_y++;
    }
    /* move red */
    for(out_y=twiddle;out_y<height;out_y++)
    {
        for(out_x=twiddle;out_x<width;out_x++)
        {
            signed long out_bmpptr=(out_x-twiddle)+(out_y-twiddle)*new_width;
            #if !DEBUG_STABLE
            signed long safe_x=((out_x-twiddle)+x_adj);
            signed long safe_y=((out_y-twiddle)+y_adj);
            #endif

            #if DEBUG_STABLE
            signed long safe_x=(out_x-x_adj);
            signed long safe_y=(out_y-y_adj);

            unsigned long bad_bmpptr=out_x+out_y*width;
            #endif
            signed long in_bmpptr=0;
            if(safe_x<0)safe_x=0;
            if(safe_y<0)safe_y=0;
            if(safe_x>width)safe_x=width;
            if(safe_y>height)safe_y=height;
            in_bmpptr=safe_x+safe_y*width;
            #if DEBUG_STABLE
            tempbuf[out_bmpptr]=((safe_x>center_x-8 && safe_x<center_x+8) && (safe_y>center_y-8 && safe_y<center_y+8)) ? 255 :redbuf[bad_bmpptr];
            #endif
            #if !DEBUG_STABLE
            tempbuf[out_bmpptr]=redbuf[in_bmpptr];
            #endif
        }
    }
    mono_scale_exact(tempbuf,new_width,new_height,width,height);
    for(out_y=0;out_y<height;out_y++)
    {
        for(out_x=0;out_x<width;out_x++)
        {
            unsigned long bmpptr=out_x+out_y*width;
            redbuf[bmpptr]=tempbuf[bmpptr];
        }
    }
    /* move green */
    for(out_y=twiddle;out_y<height;out_y++)
    {
        for(out_x=twiddle;out_x<width;out_x++)
        {
            signed long out_bmpptr=(out_x-twiddle)+(out_y-twiddle)*new_width;
            #if !DEBUG_STABLE
            signed long safe_x=((out_x-twiddle)+x_adj);
            signed long safe_y=((out_y-twiddle)+y_adj);
            #endif

            #if DEBUG_STABLE
            signed long safe_x=(out_x-x_adj);
            signed long safe_y=(out_y-y_adj);

            unsigned long bad_bmpptr=out_x+out_y*width;
            #endif
            signed long in_bmpptr=0;
            if(safe_x<0)safe_x=0;
            if(safe_y<0)safe_y=0;
            if(safe_x>width)safe_x=width;
            if(safe_y>height)safe_y=height;         
            in_bmpptr=safe_x+safe_y*width;
            #if DEBUG_STABLE
            tempbuf[out_bmpptr]=((safe_x>center_x-8 && safe_x<center_x+8) && (safe_y>center_y-8 && safe_y<center_y+8)) ? 0 :greenbuf[bad_bmpptr];
            #endif
            #if !DEBUG_STABLE
            tempbuf[out_bmpptr]=greenbuf[in_bmpptr];
            #endif

        }
    }
    mono_scale_exact(tempbuf,new_width,new_height,width,height);
    for(out_y=0;out_y<height;out_y++)
    {
        for(out_x=0;out_x<width;out_x++)
        {
            unsigned long bmpptr=out_x+out_y*width;
            greenbuf[bmpptr]=tempbuf[bmpptr];
        }
    }
    /* move blue */
    for(out_y=twiddle;out_y<height;out_y++)
    {
        for(out_x=twiddle;out_x<width;out_x++)
        {
            signed long out_bmpptr=(out_x-twiddle)+(out_y-twiddle)*new_width;
            #if !DEBUG_STABLE
            signed long safe_x=((out_x-twiddle)+x_adj);
            signed long safe_y=((out_y-twiddle)+y_adj);
            #endif
            #if DEBUG_STABLE
            signed long safe_x=(out_x-x_adj);
            signed long safe_y=(out_y-y_adj);

            unsigned long bad_bmpptr=out_x+out_y*width;
            #endif
            signed long in_bmpptr=0;
            if(safe_x<0)safe_x=0;
            if(safe_y<0)safe_y=0;
            if(safe_x>width)safe_x=width;
            if(safe_y>height)safe_y=height;
            in_bmpptr=safe_x+safe_y*width;
            #if DEBUG_STABLE
            tempbuf[out_bmpptr]=((safe_x>center_x-8 && safe_x<center_x+8) && (safe_y>center_y-8 && safe_y<center_y+8)) ? 255 :bluebuf[bad_bmpptr];
            #endif
            #if !DEBUG_STABLE
            tempbuf[out_bmpptr]=bluebuf[in_bmpptr];
            #endif
        }
    }
    mono_scale_exact(tempbuf,new_width,new_height,width,height);
    for(out_y=0;out_y<height;out_y++)
    {
        for(out_x=0;out_x<width;out_x++)
        {
            unsigned long bmpptr=out_x+out_y*width;
            bluebuf[bmpptr]=tempbuf[bmpptr];
        }
    }
    return (x_adj==0 && y_adj==0) ? 0 : 1;
}

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( " : - " ) : http://www.cs.brown.edu/~black/code.html

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Source: https://habr.com/ru/post/1760762/

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