General guidelines for developing a web application

Question

As a programmer used to develop my own applications, I am expanding my horizons and developing my first web application. I am an intermediate with Linux and C, an intermediate with Python and HTML, and starting intermediate with MySQL and Java.

I am developing a web application that is more or less a resource distributor for my friend. Simply put, I want this program to help him manage the work, appoint technicians and equipment. The main screen will be an integrated Google Calendar frame that can be dynamically updated. their API. Currently, some jobs require technical specialists to store certain certificates, and the equipment must be calibrated according to a certain schedule. I would also like to track additional data such as phone numbers, email addresses, job information, etc. To do all this, I want it to look beautiful!

I spent quite some time getting to know PHP, JavaScript, and the DOM, and I developed some features and a neat interface. So far, I have encoded the server side of w / PHP to deliver dynamic HTML through. MySQL and then JavaScript to control the DOM. I have tables for technicians, certificates, jobs, phone numbers, etc.

My questions:

• Is there a flaw in my general approach to developing a web application? (The server-side script interacts with the database to create dynamic HTML, which is then processed on the client side using DOM / client-side scripts).

• I chose PHP because it is usually associated with web development. What are the alternatives? As a newbie, I would like to learn the “best” server language to learn (and I'm on a call), or at least to know about alternatives.

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I would like to suggest against Flash and Silverlight on the client side: firstly, Flash is a giant chaos and disaster in the field of security, and Silverlight, although probably better than Flash on both fronts, is even less portable than Flash. (I highly recommend trying your site on several mobile browsers, it should not look beautiful, but everything should work. :)