Internally, Microsoft Windows holds the so-called feature flags (defined in wdm.h) for each device. If the device corresponding to the letter of the disk has a flag FILE_FLOPPY_DISKETTE, then the disk is a floppy disk:
#define FILE_REMOVABLE_MEDIA 0x00000001
#define FILE_READ_ONLY_DEVICE 0x00000002
#define FILE_FLOPPY_DISKETTE 0x00000004
#define FILE_WRITE_ONCE_MEDIA 0x00000008
#define FILE_REMOTE_DEVICE 0x00000010
#define FILE_DEVICE_IS_MOUNTED 0x00000020
#define FILE_VIRTUAL_VOLUME 0x00000040
#define FILE_AUTOGENERATED_DEVICE_NAME 0x00000080
#define FILE_DEVICE_SECURE_OPEN 0x00000100
#define FILE_CHARACTERISTIC_PNP_DEVICE 0x00000800
#define FILE_CHARACTERISTIC_TS_DEVICE 0x00001000
#define FILE_CHARACTERISTIC_WEBDAV_DEVICE 0x00002000
, API. NtQueryVolumeInformationFile ntdll.dll. Windows7 - 32- , API.
UPDATE: NtQueryVolumeInformationFile IOCTL_STORAGE_GET_DEVICE_NUMBER IOCTL_STORAGE_QUERY_PROPERTY, .
2: , GetDriveType . , GetDriveType , FILE_REMOVABLE_MEDIA. SetupDiGetDeviceRegistryProperty SPDRP_REMOVAL_POLICY . CM_REMOVAL_POLICY_EXPECT_SURPRISE_REMOVAL CM_REMOVAL_POLICY_EXPECT_ORDERLY_REMOVAL, Windows7 - 32- .