Three phases of recovery: analysis phase, re-phase, and finally, phase-out

Restoring a SQL Server database consists of three phases: the analysis phase, the retry phase, and finally the undo phase.

Can someone explain clearly or give a good link to these three stages of recovery?

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From Understanding how restore and restore backups work in SQL Server

Recovery is a multiphase process. Possible recovery steps include copying data, replay (fast forward), and undo (roll back) phases:

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