This is how I do it.
In App.xaml, I would define an application resource dictionary as follows: -
<Application.Resources>
<ResourceDictionary>
<ResourceDictionary.MergedDictionaries>
<ResourceDictionary Source="ColorTable.xaml" />
</ReourceDictionary>
</ResourceDictionary>
</Application.Resources>
Now I would put ColorTable.xaml outside of XAP in the same folder that XAP is in. This does not quite meet all your criteria, since an external ColorTable is always required. This can be minimized to achieve the full requirement, but it will be rather dirty in comparison.
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