It looks like MM no longer uses the String format for the FK column, so
Model.find_by_user_id(user.id.to_s)
it should be
Model.find_by_user_id(user.id)
In addition, the data type in the Model.user_id column must be set to
key :user_id, Mongo::ObjectID
, , , , user_id String, "", , . , , .