Not in 3.x - check out the @atlassian JRA-7909 question (I would post hyperlinks, but I'm too new to this site, and I am only allowed one).
Version 4 has JQL, an advanced query language: search in advanced search on the Atlassian website.
JIRA Release 4.0 will be real soon :-). In fact, the Atlassian JIRA site works with the latest version, so you can already explore how this advanced search works.
Francis