How to find out which parts of my code are inefficient in Python

Question

In the previous question, I asked about multiprocessing, using several cores to speed up the program, and someone told me this:

More often than not, you can get 100x + optimizations with better code compared to 4x enhancements and the added complexity of multiprocessing

Then they recommended to me:

Use the profiler to understand what's happening slowly, and then focus on optimizing it.

So, I went to this question: How can you profile a script?

Here I found cProfileand injected it into some test code to see how it works.

This is my code:

import cProfile

def foo():
    for i in range(10000):
        a = i**i
        if i % 1000 == 0:
            print(i)

cProfile.run('foo()')

However, after running this, I got:

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         1018 function calls in 20.773 seconds

   Ordered by: standard name

   ncalls  tottime  percall  cumtime  percall filename:lineno(function)
        1    0.000    0.000   20.773   20.773 <string>:1(<module>)
      147    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 rpc.py:150(debug)
       21    0.000    0.000    0.050    0.002 rpc.py:213(remotecall)
       21    0.000    0.000    0.002    0.000 rpc.py:223(asynccall)
       21    0.000    0.000    0.048    0.002 rpc.py:243(asyncreturn)
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 rpc.py:249(decoderesponse)
       21    0.000    0.000    0.048    0.002 rpc.py:287(getresponse)
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 rpc.py:295(_proxify)
       21    0.001    0.000    0.048    0.002 rpc.py:303(_getresponse)
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 rpc.py:325(newseq)
       21    0.000    0.000    0.002    0.000 rpc.py:329(putmessage)
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 rpc.py:55(dumps)
       20    0.000    0.000    0.001    0.000 rpc.py:556(__getattr__)
        1    0.000    0.000    0.001    0.001 rpc.py:574(__getmethods)
       20    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 rpc.py:598(__init__)
       20    0.000    0.000    0.050    0.002 rpc.py:603(__call__)
       20    0.000    0.000    0.051    0.003 run.py:340(write)
        1   20.722   20.722   20.773   20.773 test.py:3(foo)
       42    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 threading.py:1226(current_thread)
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 threading.py:215(__init__)
       21    0.000    0.000    0.047    0.002 threading.py:263(wait)
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 threading.py:74(RLock)
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {built-in method _struct.pack}
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {built-in method _thread.allocate_lock}
       42    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {built-in method _thread.get_ident}
        1    0.000    0.000   20.773   20.773 {built-in method builtins.exec}
       42    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {built-in method builtins.isinstance}
       63    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {built-in method builtins.len}
       10    0.000    0.000    0.051    0.005 {built-in method builtins.print}
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {built-in method select.select}
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method '_acquire_restore' of '_thread.RLock' objects}
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method '_is_owned' of '_thread.RLock' objects}
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method '_release_save' of '_thread.RLock' objects}
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method 'acquire' of '_thread.RLock' objects}
       42    0.047    0.001    0.047    0.001 {method 'acquire' of '_thread.lock' objects}
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method 'append' of 'collections.deque' objects}
        1    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method 'disable' of '_lsprof.Profiler' objects}
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method 'dump' of '_pickle.Pickler' objects}
       20    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method 'get' of 'dict' objects}
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method 'getvalue' of '_io.BytesIO' objects}
       21    0.000    0.000    0.000    0.000 {method 'release' of '_thread.RLock' objects}
       21    0.001    0.000    0.001    0.000 {method 'send' of '_socket.socket' objects}

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Answer 1

, ( cProfile?)

, cProfile, , , : line_profiler ( , ) .

IPython/Jupyter , :

%load_ext line_profiler

:

%lprun -f foo foo()
#             ^^^^^---- this call will be profiled
#         ^^^-----------function to profile

:

Timer unit: 5.58547e-07 s

Total time: 17.1189 s
File: <ipython-input-1-21b5a5f52f66>
Function: foo at line 1

Line #      Hits         Time  Per Hit   % Time  Line Contents
==============================================================
     1                                           def foo():
     2     10001        31906      3.2      0.1      for i in range(10000):
     3     10000     30534065   3053.4     99.6          a = i**i
     4     10000        75998      7.6      0.2          if i % 1000 == 0:
     5        10         6953    695.3      0.0              print(i)

, . , 99.6% i**i.

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Answer 2

, cProfile .

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