Two things to fix. First, the -vvolume argument should be for the command docker, not for the command consul. Move it to the desired location:
docker container run -v "/consul/data:/var/lib/consul" -data-dir /var/lib/consul --net host --name consul-server -e 'CONSUL_LOCAL_CONFIG={"skip_leave_on_interrupt": true}' -e CONSUL_BIND_INTERFACE='eth0' consul agent -server -client 0.0.0.0 -dns-port 53 -bootstrap-expect 1 -ui -datacenter dc1
Also invert them (they are / host / dir: / container / dir)
-, Consul (.. 53). . : https://www.consul.io/docs/guides/forwarding.html, -dns-port 53 , :
docker container run -v "/consul/data:/var/lib/consul" -data-dir /var/lib/consul --net host --name consul-server -e 'CONSUL_LOCAL_CONFIG={"skip_leave_on_interrupt": true}' -e CONSUL_BIND_INTERFACE='eth0' consul agent -server -client 0.0.0.0 -bootstrap-expect 1 -ui -datacenter dc1
DNSMasq, .