You cannot resize this column.
There are actually three columns:

- To the left of the laundry is a column with a name
glyphMargin, a place for setting breakpoints for debugging (red dot). (When you edit the settings, a pen is displayed in the column when you point to a line, as shown in the screenshots below) - line number itself
- Right of this you can fold / expand your code.
If all three are active, it looks like this (settings) or as above (code)

To save space, you can
turn off the display of line numbers:
"editor.lineNumbers": "off"

:
"editor.folding": false

, glyphMargin:
"editor.glyphMargin": false

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