Suppose we are talking about a 32-bit system.
PHP does not support unsigned INT. This means that the value of INT should be from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647. And INT takes 4 bytes to store a 32-bit value.
Does this mean that I have only 31 bits for the value and 1 bit for the sign? Or can I use the whole 32 bits to store the value?
You use all 32 bits. It's just that the output functions by default interpret it as a signed integer. If you want to display the value "raw", use:
printf("%u", -1); // %u for unsigned
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Yes, if he used an unsigned integer, he would use 32-bit for storage, since you do not need a character in this case, but since it only supports signed integers, 32-bit systems will have 31 bits for the value and 1 bit for sign s0 maximum signed integer range from -2147483648 to 2147483647.
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