No, in ag there is no similar option -f. A simple approach is to use a loop to pass patterns to ag; for example, you could use a while loop to read patterns like this:
while read pattern; do ag "$pattern" -G '.*.txt' ; done < patterns.txt
GNU ag. ag :
< patterns.txt | parallel 'ag --filename --parallel --color "{}" '
, , , ag, . , , (https://www.gnu.org/software/parallel/man.html). , 84 .