Acceleration Error When Using Church Numbers in Swift 3

Question

I am trying to implement Church Numbers in Swift 3. Currently I have:

func numToChurch(n: Int) -> ((Int) -> Int) -> Int {

    return { (f: (Int) -> Int) -> (Int) -> Int in
        return { (x : Int) -> Int in
            return f(numToChurch(n: n - 1)(f)(x))
        }
    }
}

func churchToNum(f: ((Int) -> Int) -> (Int)-> Int) -> Int {
    return f({ (i : Int) -> Int in
        return i + 1
    })(0)
}

On this line in my numToChurch function:

return f(numToChurch(n: n - 1)(f)(x))

I keep getting a compile-time error: "Closing the" f "parameter without the possibility of escaping may allow it to exit." As a quick fix, I accepted the recommended changes by including @escaping:

func numToChurch(n: Int) -> ((Int) -> Int) -> Int {

    return { (f: @escaping (Int) -> Int) -> (Int) -> Int in
        return { (x : Int) -> Int in
            return f(numToChurch(n: n - 1)(f)(x))
        }
    }
}

, @escaping "f:". , @escaping, , . , .

Swift cont:

func zero(_f: Int) -> (Int) -> Int {
    return { (x: Int) -> Int in
        return x
    }
}

func one(f: @escaping (Int) -> Int) -> (Int) -> Int {
    return { (x: Int) in
        return f(x)
    }
}

func two(f: @escaping (Int) -> Int) -> (Int) -> Int {
    return { (x: Int) in
        return f(f(x))
    }
}

func succ(_ f: Int) -> (@escaping (Int) -> Int) -> (Int) -> Int {
    return { (f : @escaping ((Int) -> Int)) -> Int in
        return { (x : Int) -> Int in
            return f(n(f)(x))
        }
    }
}


func sum(m: @escaping ((Int) -> (Int) -> Int)) -> ((Int) -> (Int) -> Int) -> (Int) -> (Int) -> Int {
    return { (n: @escaping ((Int) -> Int)) -> (Int) -> (Int) -> Int in
        return { (f: Int) -> (Int) -> Int in
            return { (x: Int) -> Int in
                return m(f)(n(f)(x))
            }
        }
    }

Answer 1

currying . , . (Swift .)

: " - , ". . .

typealias Church = (_ f: ((Int) -> Int), _ x: Int) -> Int

, , .

N :

// You could probably write this iteratively, but it is pretty elegant recursively 
func numToChurch(_ n: Int) -> Church {
    // Church(0) does not apply the function
    guard n > 0 else { return { (_, n) in n } }

    // Otherwise, recursively apply the function
    return { (f, x) in
        numToChurch(n - 1)(f, f(x))
    }
}

- :

func churchToNum(_ church: Church) -> Int {
    return church({$0 + 1}, 0)
}

---

, ( , , @kennytm ). Currying Swift:

typealias Church = (@escaping (Int) -> Int) -> (Int) -> Int

func numToChurch(_ n: Int) -> Church {
    // Church(0) does not apply the function
    guard n > 0 else { return { _ in { n in n } } }

    return { f in { x in
        numToChurch(n - 1)(f)(f(x))
        }
    }
}

func churchToNum(_ church: Church) -> Int {
    return church({$0 + 1})(0)
}

: " @escaping , ?" , , ( ), @escaping.

---

.

, ? . . , ?

func zero() -> Church

? f

func zero() -> Church {
    return { f in { x in
        x
        } }
}

:

func one() -> Church {
    return { f in { x in
        f(x)
        } }
}

func two() -> Church {
    return { f in { x in
        f(f(x))
        } }
}

succ? :

func succ(_ n: @escaping Church) -> Church {

Swift, , @escaping _, . (Swift , -. , .) ? f n:

func succ(_ n: @escaping Church) -> Church {
    return { f in { x in
        let nValue = n(f)(x)
        return f(nValue)
        } }
}

, sum? , , , , , .

func sum(_ n: @escaping Church) -> (@escaping Church) -> Church

, , Swift. (, , , .)

func sum(_ n: @escaping Church) -> (@escaping Church) -> Church {
    return { m in { f in { x in
        let nValue = n(f)(x)
        return m(f)(nValue)
        } } }
}

- Church typealias. ", --", . " " , . , , Int Int. , , .

---

, FP, , Swift ( ).

-, ... . . , , . , , { f in { x in ...} }, . . , stdlib

infix operator ∘ : CompositionPrecedence

precedencegroup CompositionPrecedence {
    associativity: left
    higherThan: TernaryPrecedence
}

public func ∘<T, U, V>(g: @escaping (U) -> V, f: @escaping (T) -> U) -> ((T) -> V) {
    return { g(f($0)) }
}

, ?

func numToChurch(_ n: Int) -> Church {
    // Church(0) does not apply the function
    guard n > 0 else { return zero() }
    return { f in f ∘ numToChurch(n - 1)(f) }
}

func succ(_ n: @escaping Church) -> Church {
    return { f in f ∘ n(f) }
}

func sum(_ n: @escaping Church) -> (@escaping Church) -> Church {
    return { m in { f in
        n(f) ∘ m(f)
        } }
}

x. , . .

, , , . Swift , . , zero(). . , ? .

struct Church {
    typealias F = (@escaping (Int) -> Int) -> (Int) -> Int
    let applying: F

    static let zero: Church = Church{ _ in { $0 } }

    func successor() -> Church {
        return Church{ f in f ∘ self.applying(f) }
    }

    static func + (lhs: Church, rhs: Church) -> Church {
        return Church{ f in lhs.applying(f) ∘ rhs.applying(f) }
    }
}

extension Church {
    init(_ n: Int) {
        if n <= 0 { self = .zero }
        else { applying = { f in f ∘ Church(n - 1).applying(f) } }
    }
}

extension Int {
    init(_ church: Church) {
        self = church.applying{ $0 + 1 }(0)
    }
}

Int(Church(3) + Church(7).successor() + Church.zero) // 11

Answer 2

@escaping , :

func numToChurch(n: Int) -> (@escaping (Int) -> Int) -> (Int) -> Int {
//                           ^~~~~~~~~

:

func numToChurch(n: Int) -> (@escaping (Int) -> Int) -> (Int) -> Int {
//                           ^~~~~~~~~                        ^~~~~~
    return { (f: @escaping (Int) -> Int) -> (Int) -> Int in
//               ^~~~~~~~~
        if n == 0 {
            return { x in x }
        } else {
            return { (x : Int) -> Int in
                return f(numToChurch(n: n - 1)(f)(x))
            }
        }
    }
}

func churchToNum(f: (@escaping (Int) -> Int) -> (Int) -> Int) -> Int {
//                   ^~~~~~~~~
    return f({ (i : Int) -> Int in
        return i + 1
    })(0)
}

let church = numToChurch(n: 4)
let num = churchToNum(f: church)

:

• numToChurch @escaping. -> Int.

• n == 0 numToChurch, .

• numToChurch , ​​ churchToNum.