You used correctly --decode_raw, but your input is not a protobuff.
--decode , :
protoc --decode header my.proto < b.bin
, --decode_raw , --decode.
, , gdb, protobuf. , : , , , .
, protobuf 9 , . , ? , .
EDIT:
10 , , --decode_raw:
$ echo 08ffff01100840f7d438 | xxd -r -p | protoc --decode_raw
1: 32767
2: 8
8: 928375
, :
u1: 32767
u2: 8
u6: 928375