I'm currently experiencing a problem where on the checkout page for Woocommerce the order overview section is stuck in an infinite buffer (see below). I walked a lot and tried different things, but so far nothing has worked.

In most of the support flows that I have seen, people say that they were able to find the cause of the problem in the logs or in the Chrome / Firefox console, however I went through them and found nothing.
When I delete a div blockUI, it gets rid of the buffer, so I can place a fake order. Here's the interesting part: it is still registered as an order and displayed in the Woocommerce Orders section, and I receive an email notification, but it also displays an error that varies across browsers. In Chrome, it displays
SyntaxError: Unexpected token <
But on Firefox, it displays
SyntaxError: JSON.parse: unexpected non-whitespace character after JSON data at line 1 column 167 of the JSON data
In addition, IE says SyntaxError: Invalid character
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