Unfortunately, no, it's impossible to lock a tab in a single file so that it never changes. The equivalent functionality of the tab that you are referencing from eclipse does not exist in Xcode.
The main functionality associated with using tabs seems to switch to them with Xcode behavior. From looking at this behavior in the settings and observing what you can do, you can see that the functionality of the Xcode tab is in its own world.
You can name the tab by double-clicking the title and setting the name. (This alone is not very useful).

Then you can use the option “Show tab with the name [tab name] in [active window | separate window]” inside the desired category of behavior, to open (or change) the same tab when something happens. Behaviors are part of Xcode-specific global preferences that are not project specific, so this indicates that these functions are intended for general workflow tasks.

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(: git-tower.com)
git-tower.com.