Get a complete list of all possible class attributes

Question

Is there a way, using a simple class, to display all possible attributes for it? Standard attributes such as __class__and __doc__ and special attributes to read-only , such as __mro__, __bases__among others. Typically, all existing attributes?

Given the most simplified case for the class:

class myClass:
    pass

dir(), vars()and inspect.getmembers()all exclude certain attributes builtin. The most complete list is offered with the help of myClass.__dir__(MyClass)which, when adding built-in attributes, excludes user attributes MyClass, for example:

In [3]: set(MyClass.__dir__(MyClass)) - set(dir(MyClass))
Out[3]: 
{'__abstractmethods__', '__base__', '__bases__',
 '__basicsize__', '__call__', '__dictoffset__',
 '__flags__', '__instancecheck__', '__itemsize__',
 '__mro__', '__name__', '__prepare__', '__qualname__',
 '__subclasscheck__', '__subclasses__', '__text_signature__',
 '__weakrefoffset__', 'mro'}

, . , "" , __bases__ ( dir(), vars() & inspect, , __name__?

---

:

• ?

  , , , Python 2.x. , , 08 '. 12 ' dir() .

• Python

  , .

• dir() inspect.

• Python?

  , dir().

Answer 1

dir() - , , , , .

PyPy- dir() :

def dir(*args):
    ...
    elif isinstance(obj, (types.TypeType, types.ClassType)):
        # Don't look at __class__, as metaclass methods would be confusing.
        return sorted(_classdir(obj))
    ...

def _classdir(klass):
    """Return a set of the accessible attributes of class/type klass.

    This includes all attributes of klass and all of the base classes
    recursively.
    """
    names = set()
    ns = getattr(klass, '__dict__', None)
    if ns is not None:
        names.update(ns)
    bases = getattr(klass, '__bases__', None)
    if bases is not None:
        # Note that since we are only interested in the keys, the order
        # we merge classes is unimportant
        for base in bases:
            names.update(_classdir(base))
    return names

object, dunder, object:

>>> class A(object):
    pass
...
>>> set(dir(A)) == set(list(object.__dict__) + list(A.__dict__))
True

---

__bases__ ?

object -, , :

>>> isinstance(type, object)
True
>>> isinstance(object, type)
True
>>> issubclass(type, object)
True
>>> issubclass(object, type)
False
>>> type.mro(object)
[<type 'object'>]
>>> type.mro(type)
[<type 'type'>, <type 'object'>]

, __bases__, __ge__ .. type:

>>> list(type.__dict__)
['__module__', '__abstractmethods__', '__getattribute__', '__weakrefoffset__', '__dict__', '__lt__', '__init__', '__setattr__', '__subclasses__', '__new__', '__base__', '__mro__', 'mro', '__dictoffset__', '__call__', '__itemsize__', '__ne__', '__instancecheck__', '__subclasscheck__', '__gt__', '__name__', '__eq__', '__basicsize__', '__bases__', '__flags__', '__doc__', '__delattr__', '__le__', '__repr__', '__hash__', '__ge__']

, A.__bases__, A, type:

>>> A.__bases__
(<type 'object'>,)
>>> type(A).__dict__['__bases__'].__get__(A, type)
(<type 'object'>,)

, A type, , .

>> class A(object):
...     spam = 'eggs'
...
>>> a = A()
>>> a.foo = 100
>>> a.bar = 200
>>> a.__dict__
{'foo': 100, 'bar': 200}
>>> A.__dict__
dict_proxy({'__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'A' objects>, '__module__': '__main__', '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'A' objects>, '__doc__': None, 'spam': 'eggs'})

As, type object, dir() type object:

>>> set(dir(type)) - set(type.__dict__)
set(['__reduce_ex__', '__str__', '__format__', '__reduce__', '__class__', '__subclasshook__', '__sizeof__'])