If someone is interested, there was a reason and a solution to the problem.
Somehow, the client always offered the program to work as an administrator, which led to the appearance of the UAC message and somehow prevented it from working properly (the external Excel sheet had to communicate with it through the DLL, which stopped working).
To disable this mode, I right-clicked on my application executable file, clicked on properties> compatibility and unchecked the "Run this program as administrator" box. This immediately solved the problem. You can also use the Change Settings for All Users dialog box to change this setting for multiple users.
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