Use SqlFunctions.DateName :
data.Where(o => SqlFunctions.DateName("year", o.SomeDateTime).Contains(searchParameter) ||
SqlFunctions.DateName("month", o.SomeDateTime).Contains(searchParameter) ||
SqlFunctions.DateName("weekday", o.SomeDateTime).Contains(searchParameter))
, 'year'/'month'/'weekday', , searchParameter.
. MSDN.