Forget what it looks like, let's focus on the data you have.
If I understand you correctly, you have an associative array of something like:
[{'M',0},{'T',1},{'W',2},{'T',3},{'F',4},{'S',5},{'S',6}]
And you also have a base date
var base = moment('2013-09-01');
And the base is connected with the last value - 6.
So what you can do is something like this:
var x = 3; // I clicked on Thursday and got a 3 var target = base.subtract('days', 6-x); // move back 6-x days
This will work, but is it not much easier to pre-compute your associative array?
[{'M','2013-08-26'}, {'T','2013-08-27'}, {'W','2013-08-28'}, {'T','2013-08-29'}, {'F','2013-08-30'}, {'S','2013-08-31'}, {'S','2013-09-01'}]
Then you already know what value to use when pressed.