The answer to the regenerating keys is good, but I ended up with this:
Optional - stop the role of the working worker from listening to the queue by changing the corresponding configuration key, which tells it to ignore messages, and then reboots the virtual machine (either through the management portal or by killing the WaHostBootstrapper.exe file)
Publish to a phased environment (this will begin to access the queue, which in our case is wonderful)
Step-by-step swap creation through Azure
Publish again, this time in a new phased environment (old live)
You now have both worker and worker roles running the latest version and serving queues. This is good for us, as it gives us twice as many possibilities, and since the production works anyway, we can use it!
It is important that you use only the publishing phase as the publishing method (as expected) - to create a completely new environment for testing / quality assurance, which has its own account and message queues.
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