This is written in a warning window inside the thread programming guide.
Important. If you are developing a new application, you are encouraged to explore alternative OS X technologies for implementing concurrency. This is especially true if you are not already familiar with the design methods required to implement a multi-threaded application. These alternative technologies simplify the work you need to do to implement parallel execution paths and provide much greater performance than traditional threads. For information on these technologies, see the Concurrency Programming Guide.
So, in fact, the difference is that Threading Programming Guide is older and not recommended for use in modern Objective-C.
HOWEVER , as noted in the comments, for operations that require extremely low latency (such as real-time audio editing) are not suitable for NSOperation and GCD .
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