Yes. You can make trial purchases, without requiring any payments, for real items (SKUs) that you actually defined in the Console. I just did it myself.
Unlike the recommendations in the currently accepted answer, there is no need to use the dummy SKU android.test.purchased , as with static testing.
OP cites this paragraph:
During the test purchase, users can test the actual flow of merchandising, purchase and execution in your application. At the time of purchase, the inapp item is displayed as a regular item with the actual price. However, Google Play marks tests with a notification in the center of the purchase dialog, for ease of identification
This is still correct and consistent with what I was able to achieve.
But the subsequent paragraph of OP cites:
Log in to the test device using your tester account. Test the In-app Billing app by purchasing a few items and fix all the problems you encounter. Do not forget to return your purchases if you do not want your testers to be actually charged!
This, as far as I know (especially the last sentence), is wrong.
What you can do according to the first paragraph. That is, while the test account is added to the Console as a tester, then when trying to make a purchase, the dialogue (which shows you the price, etc.) should also have a special line in the center (for example, as mentioned in the first paragraph), in which says: "This is a test order, you will not be charged."
However, in order to actually perform this work, it is also necessary that the actual APK tester (or test device) is used in order to be loaded into the alpha channel.
So the steps I took were as follows:
Create a separate Google group to test your alpha channel.
Add your IAP user gmail account to this group.
Download the APK (exported and signed with the release certificate) application purchase code in the alpha channel.
Wait maybe an hour or two for the alpha build to become active.
At the same time, set up a separate test device on which only the test gmail account is installed.
Stop testing the alpha channel by going to the select URL on the test device when you are logged in as a test user.
Log in to the game with this account and install the application from Play. At this point (or in an hour or two), the very latest alpha you downloaded should be installed.
Trying to make a purchase. When the dialogue appears with the price, it should have an additional line "This is a test order that you will not be charged."
In fact, to be completely accurate, the test device did not have to have the alpha APK installed on Play. From my tests, it is important that you have an APK downloaded as alpha, and that the APK that you use on the test device has the same version number. In addition, the user under test must be configured for alpha build and added as a tester in the console (as described above). I just exported another modified version of my APK and booted into my test device using adb install , and I can still try shopping for real SKUs with the message "... you will not pay."