Since you mention POM, I assume that you want to support Maven users or want to publish them to the Maven repository. If this is not the case, you do not need to publish to the POM, and you can simply work with Ivy metadata, for example, in the Ant / Ivy setup.
Since you know Ivy, the from(URL) method from(URL) is essentially implemented by declaring a custom artifact with its from property set to the URL. Regardless of Maven / POMs, Ivy does not include custom artifacts in the supplied Ivy file. (At least I think this is Ivy's standard behavior, not that sbt configures Ivy).
However, there is no way to specify the dependency URL in the pom.xml file. How you handle this may depend on what you expect from your customers, but one rather general solution is to declare the dependency as optional:
libraryDependencies += "log4jdbc" % "log4jdbc" % "1.1" % "compile,optional" from "http://log4jdbc.googlecode.com/files/log4jdbc4-1.1.jar"
Customers must explicitly declare a dependency to use it. Since this is not a repository, sbt users will still have to duplicate the from "..." declaration. Maven users can only use dependencies in the repository, although they can easily install it in the local repository.
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