I fixed the problem.
Despite the fact that my test agent managed to report on the success of creating firewalls, I looked at my incoming message rules for my firewall and found that two exceptions for QTAgentService.exe were actually blocked.
I previously installed the Visual Studio 2010 Agent Tool on this computer. These exceptions were still included.
I'm not sure why they were blocked, but one of the possibilities is that my antivirus software blocked it (the AVG antivirus that I installed). I did not have the same problem with the VS2010 agent tool.
As soon as I blocked both exceptions (one is UDP, the other is TCP), my test agent successfully connected to my test controller.
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