Really stupid:
I forgot to run exec $SHELL so that my PATH is not updated. Original lines:
export PATH="$HOME/.rbenv/bin:$PATH" eval "$(rbenv init -)"
were placed in .bash_profile, but should have been in .bashrc. After the fix, I forgot to open / run the above command again!
Thanks to @Dylan Markov in the comments for pointing me in the right direction :)
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