There is currently no high-level view, so you need to go down to the xmlbeans level and work with low-level CT * objects.
The chart tables have an XSSFChartSheet that will give you a CTChartsheet object that has some information.
For XSSFChart and XSSFChartSheet (Plain and Chart Sheets), you will need to view the drawings to get charts. Each sheet with diagrams on it should have one drawing, and diagrams are attached to the drawing, and not to the sheet itself.
As with r1090442 (therefore POI 3.8 or later), there is an XSSFDrawing method to provide you with all of the XSSFChart objects (which are wrappers around the / charts / chart # .xml part). If you are really a really old version of POI, use CTDrawing to get the details of the chart, take the / charts / chart # .xml part that matches, and then xmlbeans will provide you with CT objects for it. In any case, this will allow you to get headers, types, data ranges, etc.
This is a bit strange, so please consider sending a patch to the POI if you get something good for working with CTChart objects!
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