This is clearly simplistic, but here we go:
How Facebook Email Works Using a String Unique to the Recipient at reply-to :
< m+50edqb50000003jtdj389k6xib6hofj6t41q1c45sdt92qc@reply.facebook .com>
So, when Facebook receives an email at reply.facebook.com , they (presumably) analyze the line after the plus sign, decide which user / conversation they belong to, and add the message body to this conversation.
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