Since you asked this question, blender 2.6 has come out and is stable. Yes, you can do this, and no, you do not need a file created in the graphical interface.
You may need an empty file that the script can fill with resources, but this is not essential.
There is even a template available from a text editor called "Background job" that creates a scene with some text and displays it using python, all from the command line, it also takes command line arguments, so you can pass variables to a python script, which very comfortable.
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