Have you verified that Emacs and the terminal actually render the font differently? In the screenshot, the font size in Emacs is larger.
In any case, you can choose different distance values when setting the font, adding them to the font name, for example. "Monaco-10:spacing=110" . Try it if you can get the behavior you want this way.
EDIT: Maybe the second paragraph of my answer should be ignored. I basically guessed this based on the describe-font output, but further experiments with it did not give satisfactory results.
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