start-with () / ends-with () can be replaced with combinations of substring () and string-length ():
select * from parametermaster where cast(ParameterName as xml).exist('en-US/text()[substring(., 1, string-length("P")) = "P"]') = 1
In general, start-with (a, b) is equivalent
substring(a, 1, string-length(b)) = b
and ends - with (a, b) is equivalent
substring(a, string-length(a) - string-length(b)) = b
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