If you mean EditorTemplates (and not built-in templates), then there are some big differences. First, partial views require you to specify your view when using them, and templates work on the type of data object.
Secondly, since templates work with data types, then when you make changes to a template, it changes it wherever this type is used, and not only where a partial view is used (this can be a drawback, in some cases) .
Thirdly, additional information is transmitted to the templates that there are no partial representations, in particular, you get model metadata, such as created by attributes.
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