In general, the Visual Studio debugger does not slow down. This should be something specific to your application.
For example, there is a recent SO question from someone who gets an OutOfMemoryException when debugging, but not when running outside the debugger. This seems to be due to the way it allocates memory - the method is sensitive to the number of assemblies loaded into memory. Most programs will not be sensitive to this passive debugger effect. You may also suffer from some kind of effect related to the debugger, but not the full "debug" debugger.
Mitch Wheat suggested that you might have an antivirus. This reminded me of a similar piece of software that took over to pay attention to building and unloading the Visual Studio assembly. It was part of the VPN software providing endpoint security. It was intended to verify which programs you started when connecting to the VPN, and to make sure that they comply with the security policy. This meant informing each loaded assembly.
Visual Studio loads and unloads many assemblies. This VPN software was so interested in the fact that it actually caused BSOD - the only time I saw an application that called BSOD was because it installed a file system filter or some of them and was notified in kernel mode. This was enough to put the system in order.
So, in general, find some kind of software product that takes care of what works on your computer. Maybe endpoint protection, maybe an antivirus, maybe a search index, or something else.
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