The first and most important thing that you will need from what you have described is a bunch of hidden fields for storing the information you are interested in. You will need to write client-side javascript code to keep users interacting with your page in these hidden areas.
To receive data through POST, you will need <input type="hidden" name"some_field"> for each bit of data that you want to "know" about it that has been changed on your page. The information in the table is not transmitted in the POST operation if it is just text, so you cannot see the layout of the modified table after sending it to the server.
If you do not need to publish this data in another form, it might be better to make callbacks through XMLHTTPREQUEST as the user interacts with your page, but I do not know the requirements of what you are trying to do.
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