You need to program Java. Then the Java code will be compiled into a special format that runs on the Dalvik VM, which is installed on all Android devices. This means that at the moment you can only use Java and other languages that run on the Java virtual machine.
If you are not familiar with Java, there is always the opportunity to create a web application and display only that website in a small Java application for users. There are some options for accessing some phone features from your web application via JavaScript.
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