Hi, I work at Microsoft and am the prime minister responsible for the permissions management user interface in SharePoint vNext.
"SPGroup" is a "group" in the user interface - a logical group of users or directory groups
SPGroup on MSDN
"Role" is an obsolete term for "permission level" in the user interface
SPRole on MSDN
A "role definition" is a "permission level" in the user interface — a set of "permissions" ("rights" programmatically) that can be considered as specific basic actions that a user can perform, for example. add item. Authorization is performed against the user who has been granted these permissions.
SPRoleDefinition on MSDN
History. In SharePoint v2, we had user / directory groups, roles assigned (permission sets). In SharePoint v3, we introduced SharePoint teams,
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