Some suggestions that may lead you to the right path
First of all, itβs useful to publish the update results so that it can clarify the problem more clearly. In addition, the update operations do not always work 100%, I encountered many problems after updating the package, which in many cases caused the packages to be recreated from scratch.
(1) Compare both XML packages
.dtsx files are written in XML format
One thing I can offer is to create a ssis 2017 package containing a CDC source with the same configuration and open both dtsx files (new package and updated package) with a text editor and compare the XML syntax of the CDC Source , I can cause a problem .
(2) Compare both package properties
Comparing PackageFormatVersion, VersionBuild, and other properties may cause a problem
Also try to compare the version information of both packages, therefore from PackageFormatVersion (if it is the same between the two packages that they are both aimed at SQL Server 2012, so you need to change the target version in the solution properties) and another field that you can get if there is any Any difference, or it may lead you to a problem.
More information about getting package information in my answer on the following question: Automate version number Extract from .Dtsx files
Also read more about changing the target version in a Microsoft article - version targeting in the Integration Services project section
If the above suggestions do not match
If none of the first sentences leads you to a problem, I have not found the exact cause. but I find some links showing some problems when updating the SQL server or when the deployment is on a machine with a different version of the SQL server - which I cannot claim to be 100% true ; but I think there is a lot of CDC related issue that are not fixed by Microsoft.
You can see this from the following links as an example:
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