I had the same problem with two applications developed by me since 3 years old (C # and java). Since October 10, 2017, I could not export to Excel 2003, but I worked in 2007 and could not import from Excel 2003, but 2007 also worked for import.
In ArcGIS Desktop 10.5.1 ESRI (the most popular geographic processing software) Failed to open Excel 2003 and .mdb files.
Temporary Solution KB4041693, KB4041687 on Windows 8.1 (possibly for w10).
The microsoft changelog in both ways says something about "[...] updates and security updates for microsoft jet". After uninstalling and rebooting, all software becomes normal again.
this problem was introduced in the 10th-2017. This issue was discussed on Microsoft forums (kb4041693 should fix it, but it still doesn't work). Perhaps in a few weeks they will pass (correctly) this problem.
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